Which of the following best describes spyware?

Spyware is specifically designed to stealthily gather user information without their consent. This type of malicious software operates in the background, monitoring user activities, tracking browsing habits, and collecting personal information such as passwords, credit card numbers, and other sensitive data.

The core feature of spyware lies in its covert nature—users typically remain unaware that such software is running on their device, allowing it to collect valuable data for malicious purposes, such as identity theft or unauthorized access to financial accounts. The term "spyware" originates from its ability to "spy" on users without their knowledge, a characteristic that distinctly defines it from other types of software.

In contrast, the other options describe software types or functionalities that do not encapsulate the essence of spyware. For example, some options refer to protective software or data encryption, which serve entirely different purposes in the cybersecurity landscape. Understanding the specific function of spyware helps in recognizing the broader implications of user privacy and security within the digital realm.